/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.apache.kafka.connect.transforms;

import org.apache.kafka.common.cache.Cache;
import org.apache.kafka.common.cache.LRUCache;
import org.apache.kafka.common.cache.SynchronizedCache;
import org.apache.kafka.common.config.ConfigDef;
import org.apache.kafka.common.config.ConfigException;
import org.apache.kafka.common.utils.AppInfoParser;
import org.apache.kafka.common.utils.Utils;
import org.apache.kafka.connect.components.Versioned;
import org.apache.kafka.connect.connector.ConnectRecord;
import org.apache.kafka.connect.data.ConnectSchema;
import org.apache.kafka.connect.data.Date;
import org.apache.kafka.connect.data.Field;
import org.apache.kafka.connect.data.Schema;
import org.apache.kafka.connect.data.Schema.Type;
import org.apache.kafka.connect.data.SchemaBuilder;
import org.apache.kafka.connect.data.Struct;
import org.apache.kafka.connect.data.Time;
import org.apache.kafka.connect.data.Timestamp;
import org.apache.kafka.connect.data.Values;
import org.apache.kafka.connect.errors.DataException;
import org.apache.kafka.connect.transforms.util.SchemaUtil;
import org.apache.kafka.connect.transforms.util.SimpleConfig;

import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.util.Base64;
import java.util.EnumSet;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;

import static org.apache.kafka.connect.transforms.util.Requirements.requireMap;
import static org.apache.kafka.connect.transforms.util.Requirements.requireStruct;

public abstract class Cast<R extends ConnectRecord<R>> implements Transformation<R>, Versioned {
    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Cast.class);

    // TODO: Currently we only support top-level field casting. Ideally we could use a dotted notation in the spec to
    // allow casting nested fields.
    public static final String OVERVIEW_DOC =
            "Cast fields or the entire key or value to a specific type, e.g. to force an integer field to a smaller "
                    + "width. Cast from integers, floats, boolean and string to any other type, "
                    + "and cast binary to string (base64 encoded)."
                    + "<p/>Use the concrete transformation type designed for the record key (<code>" + Key.class.getName() + "</code>) "
                    + "or value (<code>" + Value.class.getName() + "</code>).";

    public static final String SPEC_CONFIG = "spec";
    public static final String REPLACE_NULL_WITH_DEFAULT_CONFIG = "replace.null.with.default";

    public static final ConfigDef CONFIG_DEF = new ConfigDef()
            .define(SPEC_CONFIG, ConfigDef.Type.LIST, ConfigDef.NO_DEFAULT_VALUE, ConfigDef.LambdaValidator.with(
                    (name, valueObject) -> {
                        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                        List<String> value = (List<String>) valueObject;
                        if (value == null || value.isEmpty()) {
                            throw new ConfigException("Must specify at least one field to cast.");
                        }
                        parseFieldTypes(value);
                    },
                    () -> "list of colon-delimited pairs, e.g. <code>foo:bar,abc:xyz</code>"),
            ConfigDef.Importance.HIGH,
            "List of fields and the type to cast them to of the form field1:type,field2:type to cast fields of "
                    + "Maps or Structs. A single type to cast the entire value. Valid types are int8, int16, int32, "
                    + "int64, float32, float64, boolean, and string. Note that binary fields can only be cast to string.")
            .define(REPLACE_NULL_WITH_DEFAULT_CONFIG,
                    ConfigDef.Type.BOOLEAN,
                    true,
                    ConfigDef.Importance.MEDIUM,
                    "Whether to replace fields that have a default value and that are null to the default value. When set to true, the default value is used, otherwise null is used.");

    private static final String PURPOSE = "cast types";

    private static final Set<Schema.Type> SUPPORTED_CAST_INPUT_TYPES = EnumSet.of(
            Schema.Type.INT8, Schema.Type.INT16, Schema.Type.INT32, Schema.Type.INT64,
                    Schema.Type.FLOAT32, Schema.Type.FLOAT64, Schema.Type.BOOLEAN,
                            Schema.Type.STRING, Schema.Type.BYTES
    );

    private static final Set<Schema.Type> SUPPORTED_CAST_OUTPUT_TYPES = EnumSet.of(
            Schema.Type.INT8, Schema.Type.INT16, Schema.Type.INT32, Schema.Type.INT64,
                    Schema.Type.FLOAT32, Schema.Type.FLOAT64, Schema.Type.BOOLEAN,
                            Schema.Type.STRING
    );

    // As a special case for casting the entire value (e.g. the incoming key is a int64 but you know it could be an
    // int32 and want the smaller width), we use an otherwise invalid field name in the cast spec to track this.
    private static final String WHOLE_VALUE_CAST = null;

    private Map<String, Schema.Type> casts;
    private Schema.Type wholeValueCastType;
    private Cache<Schema, Schema> schemaUpdateCache;
    private boolean replaceNullWithDefault;

    @Override
    public String version() {
        return AppInfoParser.getVersion();
    }

    @Override
    public void configure(Map<String, ?> props) {
        final SimpleConfig config = new SimpleConfig(CONFIG_DEF, props);
        casts = parseFieldTypes(config.getList(SPEC_CONFIG));
        wholeValueCastType = casts.get(WHOLE_VALUE_CAST);
        schemaUpdateCache = new SynchronizedCache<>(new LRUCache<>(16));
        replaceNullWithDefault = config.getBoolean(REPLACE_NULL_WITH_DEFAULT_CONFIG);
    }

    @Override
    public R apply(R record) {
        if (operatingValue(record) == null) {
            return record;
        }

        if (operatingSchema(record) == null) {
            return applySchemaless(record);
        } else {
            return applyWithSchema(record);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public ConfigDef config() {
        return CONFIG_DEF;
    }

    @Override
    public void close() {
    }


    private R applySchemaless(R record) {
        if (wholeValueCastType != null) {
            return newRecord(record, null, castValueToType(null, operatingValue(record), wholeValueCastType));
        }

        final Map<String, Object> value = requireMap(operatingValue(record), PURPOSE);
        final HashMap<String, Object> updatedValue = new HashMap<>(value);
        for (Map.Entry<String, Schema.Type> fieldSpec : casts.entrySet()) {
            String field = fieldSpec.getKey();
            updatedValue.put(field, castValueToType(null, value.get(field), fieldSpec.getValue()));
        }
        return newRecord(record, null, updatedValue);
    }

    private R applyWithSchema(R record) {
        Schema valueSchema = operatingSchema(record);
        Schema updatedSchema = getOrBuildSchema(valueSchema);

        // Whole-record casting
        if (wholeValueCastType != null)
            return newRecord(record, updatedSchema, castValueToType(valueSchema, operatingValue(record), wholeValueCastType));

        // Casting within a struct
        final Struct value = requireStruct(operatingValue(record), PURPOSE);

        final Struct updatedValue = new Struct(updatedSchema);
        for (Field field : value.schema().fields()) {
            final Object origFieldValue = getFieldValue(value, field);
            final Schema.Type targetType = casts.get(field.name());
            final Object newFieldValue = targetType != null ? castValueToType(field.schema(), origFieldValue, targetType) : origFieldValue;
            log.trace("Cast field '{}' from '{}' to '{}'", field.name(), origFieldValue, newFieldValue);
            updatedValue.put(updatedSchema.field(field.name()), newFieldValue);
        }
        return newRecord(record, updatedSchema, updatedValue);
    }

    private Object getFieldValue(Struct value, Field field) {
        if (replaceNullWithDefault) {
            return value.get(field);
        }
        return value.getWithoutDefault(field.name());
    }

    private Schema getOrBuildSchema(Schema valueSchema) {
        Schema updatedSchema = schemaUpdateCache.get(valueSchema);
        if (updatedSchema != null)
            return updatedSchema;

        final SchemaBuilder builder;
        if (wholeValueCastType != null) {
            builder = SchemaUtil.copySchemaBasics(valueSchema, convertFieldType(wholeValueCastType));
        } else {
            builder = SchemaUtil.copySchemaBasics(valueSchema, SchemaBuilder.struct());
            for (Field field : valueSchema.fields()) {
                if (casts.containsKey(field.name())) {
                    SchemaBuilder fieldBuilder = convertFieldType(casts.get(field.name()));
                    if (field.schema().isOptional())
                        fieldBuilder.optional();
                    if (field.schema().defaultValue() != null) {
                        Schema fieldSchema = field.schema();
                        fieldBuilder.defaultValue(castValueToType(fieldSchema, fieldSchema.defaultValue(), fieldBuilder.type()));
                    }
                    builder.field(field.name(), fieldBuilder.build());
                } else {
                    builder.field(field.name(), field.schema());
                }
            }
        }

        if (valueSchema.isOptional())
            builder.optional();
        if (valueSchema.defaultValue() != null)
            builder.defaultValue(castValueToType(valueSchema, valueSchema.defaultValue(), builder.type()));

        updatedSchema = builder.build();
        schemaUpdateCache.put(valueSchema, updatedSchema);
        return updatedSchema;
    }

    private SchemaBuilder convertFieldType(Schema.Type type) {
        return switch (type) {
            case INT8 -> SchemaBuilder.int8();
            case INT16 -> SchemaBuilder.int16();
            case INT32 -> SchemaBuilder.int32();
            case INT64 -> SchemaBuilder.int64();
            case FLOAT32 -> SchemaBuilder.float32();
            case FLOAT64 -> SchemaBuilder.float64();
            case BOOLEAN -> SchemaBuilder.bool();
            case STRING -> SchemaBuilder.string();
            default -> throw new DataException("Unexpected type in Cast transformation: " + type);
        };
    }

    private static Object encodeLogicalType(Schema schema, Object value) {
        return switch (schema.name()) {
            case Date.LOGICAL_NAME -> Date.fromLogical(schema, (java.util.Date) value);
            case Time.LOGICAL_NAME -> Time.fromLogical(schema, (java.util.Date) value);
            case Timestamp.LOGICAL_NAME -> Timestamp.fromLogical(schema, (java.util.Date) value);
            default -> value;
        };
    }

    private static Object castValueToType(Schema schema, Object value, Schema.Type targetType) {
        try {
            if (value == null) return null;

            Schema.Type inferredType = schema == null ? ConnectSchema.schemaType(value.getClass()) :
                    schema.type();
            if (inferredType == null) {
                throw new DataException("Cast transformation was passed a value of type " + value.getClass()
                        + " which is not supported by Connect's data API");
            }
            // Ensure the type we are trying to cast from is supported
            validCastType(inferredType, FieldType.INPUT);

            // Perform logical type encoding to their internal representation.
            if (schema != null && schema.name() != null && targetType != Type.STRING) {
                value = encodeLogicalType(schema, value);
            }

            return switch (targetType) {
                case INT8 -> castToInt8(value);
                case INT16 -> castToInt16(value);
                case INT32 -> castToInt32(value);
                case INT64 -> castToInt64(value);
                case FLOAT32 -> castToFloat32(value);
                case FLOAT64 -> castToFloat64(value);
                case BOOLEAN -> castToBoolean(value);
                case STRING -> castToString(value);
                default -> throw new DataException(targetType + " is not supported in the Cast transformation.");
            };
        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
            throw new DataException("Value (" + value.toString() + ") was out of range for requested data type", e);
        }
    }

    private static byte castToInt8(Object value) {
        if (value instanceof Number)
            return ((Number) value).byteValue();
        else if (value instanceof Boolean)
            return ((boolean) value) ? (byte) 1 : (byte) 0;
        else if (value instanceof String)
            return Byte.parseByte((String) value);
        else
            throw new DataException("Unexpected type in Cast transformation: " + value.getClass());
    }

    private static short castToInt16(Object value) {
        if (value instanceof Number)
            return ((Number) value).shortValue();
        else if (value instanceof Boolean)
            return ((boolean) value) ? (short) 1 : (short) 0;
        else if (value instanceof String)
            return Short.parseShort((String) value);
        else
            throw new DataException("Unexpected type in Cast transformation: " + value.getClass());
    }

    private static int castToInt32(Object value) {
        if (value instanceof Number)
            return ((Number) value).intValue();
        else if (value instanceof Boolean)
            return ((boolean) value) ? 1 : 0;
        else if (value instanceof String)
            return Integer.parseInt((String) value);
        else
            throw new DataException("Unexpected type in Cast transformation: " + value.getClass());
    }

    private static long castToInt64(Object value) {
        if (value instanceof Number)
            return ((Number) value).longValue();
        else if (value instanceof Boolean)
            return ((boolean) value) ? (long) 1 : (long) 0;
        else if (value instanceof String)
            return Long.parseLong((String) value);
        else
            throw new DataException("Unexpected type in Cast transformation: " + value.getClass());
    }

    private static float castToFloat32(Object value) {
        if (value instanceof Number)
            return ((Number) value).floatValue();
        else if (value instanceof Boolean)
            return ((boolean) value) ? 1.f : 0.f;
        else if (value instanceof String)
            return Float.parseFloat((String) value);
        else
            throw new DataException("Unexpected type in Cast transformation: " + value.getClass());
    }

    private static double castToFloat64(Object value) {
        if (value instanceof Number)
            return ((Number) value).doubleValue();
        else if (value instanceof Boolean)
            return ((boolean) value) ? 1. : 0.;
        else if (value instanceof String)
            return Double.parseDouble((String) value);
        else
            throw new DataException("Unexpected type in Cast transformation: " + value.getClass());
    }

    private static boolean castToBoolean(Object value) {
        if (value instanceof Number)
            return ((Number) value).longValue() != 0L;
        else if (value instanceof Boolean)
            return (Boolean) value;
        else if (value instanceof String)
            return Boolean.parseBoolean((String) value);
        else
            throw new DataException("Unexpected type in Cast transformation: " + value.getClass());
    }

    private static String castToString(Object value) {
        if (value instanceof java.util.Date dateValue) {
            return Values.dateFormatFor(dateValue).format(dateValue);
        } else if (value instanceof ByteBuffer byteBuffer) {
            return Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(Utils.readBytes(byteBuffer));
        } else if (value instanceof byte[] rawBytes) {
            return Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(rawBytes);
        } else {
            return value.toString();
        }
    }

    protected abstract Schema operatingSchema(R record);

    protected abstract Object operatingValue(R record);

    protected abstract R newRecord(R record, Schema updatedSchema, Object updatedValue);

    private static Map<String, Schema.Type> parseFieldTypes(List<String> mappings) {
        final Map<String, Schema.Type> m = new HashMap<>();
        boolean isWholeValueCast = false;
        for (String mapping : mappings) {
            final String[] parts = mapping.split(":");
            if (parts.length > 2) {
                throw new ConfigException(ReplaceField.ConfigName.RENAMES, mappings, "Invalid rename mapping: " + mapping);
            }
            if (parts.length == 1) {
                Schema.Type targetType;
                try {
                    targetType = Schema.Type.valueOf(parts[0].trim().toUpperCase(Locale.ROOT));
                } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
                    throw new ConfigException("Invalid type found in casting spec: " + parts[0].trim(), e);
                }
                m.put(WHOLE_VALUE_CAST, validCastType(targetType, FieldType.OUTPUT));
                isWholeValueCast = true;
            } else {
                Schema.Type type;
                try {
                    type = Schema.Type.valueOf(parts[1].trim().toUpperCase(Locale.ROOT));
                } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
                    throw new ConfigException("Invalid type found in casting spec: " + parts[1].trim(), e);
                }
                m.put(parts[0].trim(), validCastType(type, FieldType.OUTPUT));
            }
        }
        if (isWholeValueCast && mappings.size() > 1) {
            throw new ConfigException("Cast transformations that specify a type to cast the entire value to "
                    + "may only specify a single cast in their spec");
        }
        return m;
    }

    private enum FieldType {
        INPUT, OUTPUT
    }

    private static Schema.Type validCastType(Schema.Type type, FieldType fieldType) {
        switch (fieldType) {
            case INPUT:
                if (!SUPPORTED_CAST_INPUT_TYPES.contains(type)) {
                    throw new DataException("Cast transformation does not support casting from " +
                        type + "; supported types are " + SUPPORTED_CAST_INPUT_TYPES);
                }
                break;
            case OUTPUT:
                if (!SUPPORTED_CAST_OUTPUT_TYPES.contains(type)) {
                    throw new ConfigException("Cast transformation does not support casting to " +
                        type + "; supported types are " + SUPPORTED_CAST_OUTPUT_TYPES);
                }
                break;
        }
        return type;
    }

    public static final class Key<R extends ConnectRecord<R>> extends Cast<R> {
        @Override
        protected Schema operatingSchema(R record) {
            return record.keySchema();
        }

        @Override
        protected Object operatingValue(R record) {
            return record.key();
        }

        @Override
        protected R newRecord(R record, Schema updatedSchema, Object updatedValue) {
            return record.newRecord(record.topic(), record.kafkaPartition(), updatedSchema, updatedValue, record.valueSchema(), record.value(), record.timestamp());
        }
    }

    public static final class Value<R extends ConnectRecord<R>> extends Cast<R> {
        @Override
        protected Schema operatingSchema(R record) {
            return record.valueSchema();
        }

        @Override
        protected Object operatingValue(R record) {
            return record.value();
        }

        @Override
        protected R newRecord(R record, Schema updatedSchema, Object updatedValue) {
            return record.newRecord(record.topic(), record.kafkaPartition(), record.keySchema(), record.key(), updatedSchema, updatedValue, record.timestamp());
        }
    }

}
